Keith W. Harper1, Clyde A. Helms1, Clare M. Haystead1 and Lawrence D. Higgins Glenoid Dysplasia: Incidence and Association with Posterior Labral Tears as Evaluated on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. A hip (acetabular) labral tear is damage to cartilage and tissue in the hip socket. Jun 23, 2021 by . An anatomy drawing of a shoulder labrum. In fact, the research shows that labral tears are common in people without shoulder pain and that the surgery to fix them doesn't work any better than a placebo or sham procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) in diagnosing superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions. SLAP tear: A superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) tear occurs at the top of the glenoid (shoulder socket) and extends from the front to the back, where the biceps tendon connects to the shoulder. Crossref, Google Scholar; 73. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The anterior labrum is absent in the 1-3 o'clock position and there is a thickened middle GHL. 15,16). postulated that dislocations result in a 360 degree injury, with trauma to the anterior labrum, resulting in changes posteriorly, and vice versa. Figure 1 is an artist's rendition of a normal shoulder joint as well as the trauma caused by shoulder instability depicted on MRI. A useful indirect sign to be aware of, whether using MR arthrography or routine MR, is to recognize that normally the shoulder capsule should only be outlined by fluid along its inner margin. Study the cartiage. He has full passive and active range of motion of the left shoulder that is symmetrical to his contralateral side. 3-T MRI of the shoulder: is MR arthrography necessary? The ball of the shoulder can dislocate toward the front of the shoulder (an anterior dislocation), or it can go out the back of the shoulder (called a posterior dislocation). These are depicted in Figure 17-7. Tears of the supraspinatus tendon are best seen on coronal oblique and ABER-series. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. Objective To determine the prevalence of shoulder (specifically labral) abnormalities on MRI in a young non-athletic asymptomatic cohort. A study in cadavers. It is seen in 11% of individuals. Hill Sachs lesions are only seen at the level of the coracoid. Treatment of the labral tears in these scenarios involves treatment of the shoulder dislocation and stabilising the shoulder. Uncategorized. That is, the labrum helps the shoulder from slipping out of its joint. 2012;132(7):905-19. In a SLAP injury, the top (superior) part of the labrum is injured. (B) Axillary radiograph of locked posterior glenohumeral dislocation. Provencher MT, Dewing CB, Bell SJ, McCormick F, Solomon DJ, Rooney TB, Stanley M.An analysis of the rotator interval in patients with anterior, posterior, and multidirectional shoulder instability. Open Access J Sports Med. Notice rotator cuff muscles and look for atrophy. It can be a traumatic tear due to injury, or it may be degenerative due to normal wear and tear. 2017; 209: 544-551. The IGHL, labrum, and periosteum are stripped and medially displaced along the anterior neck of the scapula. American Journal of Roentgenology. De Coninck T, Ngai S, Tafur M, Chung C. Imaging the Glenoid Labrum and Labral Tears. Notice coracoclavicular ligament and short head of the biceps. MRI is well recognized as an effective means to diagnose internal impingement of the shoulder. He has positive Kim and jerk tests and reproduction of symptoms with the shoulder in forward flexion, adduction, and internal rotation. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) in diagnosing superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions. (2a) The fat-suppressed proton density-weighted axial image reveals alignment of the humeral head posteriorly relative to the glenoid, with an impaction fracture of the humeral head articular surface (red arrow). The biceps tendon is medially dislocated (short arrow). 8 Therefore, although Bennett lesions are typically not associated with . 2009;192: 730-735. Posterior shoulder instability is becoming increasingly recognized in young, athletic populations, especially in the military.13 Compared to anterior shoulder instability, posterior instability can be more challenging to diagnose both clinically and radiographically. True anteroposterior or Grashey x-ray. Which of the following is the next best step in management? Tear of the posterior shoulder stabilizers after posterior dislocation: MR imaging and MR arthrographic findings with arthroscopic correlation. Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of MR arthrography in detecting isolated posterior glenoid labral injuries using arthroscopy as the reference standard. Shoulder Labral Tear Repair Surgery. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Mild glenoid hypoplasia results in a rounded contour of the posterior glenoid with normal or only mildly thickened posterior labral tissue. Diagnosis can be made clinically with positive posterior labral provocative tests and confirmed with MRI studies of the shoulder. In the ABER position the inferior glenohumeral ligament is stretched resulting in tension on the anteroinferior labrum, allowing intra-articular contrast to get between the labral tear and the glenoid. A wide ligament that surrounds and stabilises the joint is known as the capsule. It is a condition referred to as an internal impingement. In patients with traumatic posterior subluxation or dislocation, injuries to labrum, capsule, bone and rotator cuff may be found, and accurate diagnosis with MRI allows the most appropriate treatment pathway to be chosen. Mauro et al found increased retroversion in a cohort of 118 patients who were operatively treated for posterior instability in comparison with a group of normal controls, but the authors did not attribute retroversion as a risk factor for failure. PMC This ring of cartilage encompasses the outer rim of the glenoid to provide cushiony support around the head of the humerus. 2006; 240(1):152-160. A Buford complex is a congenital labral variant. Posterior subluxation of the humeral head is also apparent. A 22-year-old male wrestler presents to your clinic with complaints of deep left shoulder pain for the past 6 weeks. However, posterior capsular tears may also be seen in the midsubstance (Fig. However, imaging studies do not always demonstrate obvious pathologic findings and thus a nuanced approach to the interpretation of x-rays, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is necessary to elucidate and identify subtle findings that can enable the clinician to make the correct diagnosis. Posterior labral tears will demonstrate the absence of the labrum or morphologic distortion, contrast, or fluid infiltration [].Four primary diagnostic characteristics can determine pathologic tearing versus an anatomic variant: intrasubstance signal intensity, margins, orientation, and extension. Glenoid labral tears are the injuries of the glenoid labrum and a possible cause of shoulder pain. Edelson was the first to define the incidence of subtle forms of glenoid dysplasia by studying scapular specimens from several museum collections.15 Posteroinferior hypoplasia was defined as a dropping away of the normally flat plateau of the posterior part of the glenoid beginning 1.2 cm caudad to the scapular spine (Figure 17-7). When you have a excessive posterior force on an adducted arm the resultant is a posterior labral tear. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 18 Jan 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-74948, {"containerId":"expandableQuestionsContainer","displayRelatedArticles":true,"displayNextQuestion":true,"displaySkipQuestion":true,"articleId":74948,"questionManager":null,"mcqUrl":"https://radiopaedia.org/articles/glenoid-labral-tear/questions/1679?lang=us"}, doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc03s67, pain or discomfort (usually a precise point of pain cannot be located). Axis of supraspinous tendon. When the labrum gets damaged or torn, it puts the shoulder at increased risk for looseness and dislocation. Illustration by Biodigital. . Advances in knowledge:: On a direct MR arthrographic image, a posterior capsular synovial fold may be a normal anatomic variant. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window), on Imaging of Posterior Shoulder Instability. In the healthy state, the humerus sits on the glenoid similar to the way a golf ball rests on a tee. Dr. Ebraheim's educational animated video describes posterior labral tear - posterior shoulder instability. The supraspinatus tendon is the most important structure of the rotator cuff and subject to tendinopathy and tears. 2000 Jun; 82(6):849-57. They may extend into the tendon, involve the glenohumeral ligaments or extend into other quadrants of the labrum. Operative findings were used as the gold standard for posterior labral tear extension. Locked posterior shoulder dislocation with multiple associated injuries. Imaging in three planes is advisable and additional orthogonal planes may be included in the protocol for a detailed assessment of the lesion. The axial MR-images show an os acromiale with degenerative changes, i.e. An axial image in a 53 year-old male following an acute traumatic posterior dislocation reveals tears of the posterior labrum (arrow) and posterior capsule (arrowhead). (14c) An arthroscopic examination confirms the tear in the posterior capsule (arrow), which was subsequently repaired. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The posterior labrum is stressed with an abducted arm and posterior force. (OBQ12.268)
Which of the following is the most likely etiology of his complaints? Lenza M, Buchbinder R, Takwoingi Y, Johnston RV, Hanchard NC, Faloppa F. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. by Michael Zlatkin. It is important to recognise these variants, because they can mimick a SLAP tear. American Journal of Roentgenology. . Fluid distends the joint and only lies along the inner margin of the joint capsule (arrowheads). A tear of the labrum can also occur in the back part of the socket. The posterior shoulder capsule plays a significant role in preventing posterior shoulder dislocation, particularly at the extremes of internal humeral rotation, the position in which most posterior dislocations occur. 2020 Aug 27;8(8):2325967120941850. doi: 10.1177/2325967120941850. Methods: even greater mobility of the os acromiale after surgery and worsening of the impingement (4). 11). The abduction and external rotation of the arm releases tension on the cuff relative to the normal coronal view obtained with the arm in adduction. Injury can also lead to a cyst that painfully compresses nerves in the shoulder. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint that connects the bone of the upper arm (humerus) with the shoulder blade (scapula). "If physical therapy fails and the athlete still can't complete overhead motions, or the shoulder continues to dislocate, surgical treatment might be required to reattach the torn ligaments and labrum to the . Arthroscopic Posterior Labral Repair - Randy S. Schwartzberg, M.D. subchondral cysts and osteophytes (arrow). A posterior labral tear (reverse Bankart) is also present (arrowhead), and a bone bruise is seen within the anterior humeral head (asterisk). Diagnosis of a locked posterior humeral dislocation can be avoided by recognizing on the AP Grashey radiograph the presence of the lightbulb sign (Figure 17-3A), which is the humeral head taking on a rounded appearance similar to the shape of a lightbulb because of fixed internal rotation secondary to a posterior glenohumeral dislocation.4 In addition to recognizing the lightbulb sign on an AP Grashey radiograph, an axillary x-ray will confirm the diagnosis of a locked posterior dislocation (Figure 17-3B). Clinical History: A 72 year-old male presents with severe left shoulder pain and limited motion following a fall 10 days earlier. The ligaments also aid in keeping the shoulder stable and in joint. In part III we will focus on impingement and rotator cuff tears. Our data indicated that while MRI could exclude a SLAP lesion (NPV = 95 %), MRI alone was not an accurate clinical tool. This can result in the damage to the anterior or front part of the labrum. His pain is aggravated when grappling with other wrestlers and when performing push-ups. eCollection 2020 Aug. J Orthop. The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance arthrography of the shoulder in detection and grading of SLAP lesions: comparison with arthroscopic findings. 2013 Sep 24;2013(9):CD009020. The labrum is the cartilage dish that sits between the ball and the socket configuration of the shoulder joint. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Notice the rotator cuff interval with coracohumeral ligament. Successful nonoperative treatment of posterior shoulder instability has had varying rates of success, between 16 and 70% of patients. 1. This sublabral recess can be difficult to distinguish from a SLAP-tear or a sublabral foramen. MRI of the shoulder has been found to be accurate in the diagnosis of labral tears. In a 34 year-old male following an acute subluxation event, a tear is present along the base of the posterior labrum with edema and irregularity noted at adjacent posterior periosteum (arrow). Shah N and Tung GA. A tear extends across the base of the posterior labrum (arrowheads), and mild posterior subluxation of the humeral head relative to the glenoid is present. Although increased glenoid retroversion is a risk factor for posterior shoulder instability, there is little evidence to support the claim that increasing glenoid retroversion is associated with worse outcomes following posterior labral repair.12 Hurley et al found that patients with symptomatic posterior instability and glenoid retroversion of greater than 9 degrees had higher recurrence rates after open soft-tissue procedures.13 Conversely, Bigliani and colleagues performed CT scans for 16 of 35 shoulders prior to an open posterior capsular shift and found the average retroversion was 6 degrees.14 Their surgical cohort had an 80% success rate but they did not attribute their failures to osseous anatomy. Imaging of Posterior Shoulder Instability, Josef K. Eichinger, MD, FAOA and Joseph W. Galvin, DO, FAAOS. The lesion is usually seen on the MRI. Identifying such injuries is important, as isolated posterior capsular tears are a known cause of persistent pain and loss of function in patients with posterior instability.16. Notice that the biceps tendon is attached at the 12 o'clock position. Wuennemann F, Kintzel L, Zeifang F, Maier MW, Burkholder I, Weber MA, Kauczor HU, Rehnitz C. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. To investigate the utility of MRI, the researchers identified 41 patients who had undergone shoulder capsulorrhaphy by one of two senior surgeons over a two-year period. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009020.pub2. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Chmiel-Nowak M, Sheikh Y, Feger J, et al. Although x-ray findings are typically normal, they must be scrutinized to avoid errors of diagnosis such as missed posterior dislocations. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles and tendons are shown. Overall, an MRI scan will clearly show the ganglion cyst in the shoulder and whether it compresses the nerve. A recess more than 3-5 mm is always abnormal and should be regarded as a SLAP-tear. The fibers of the subscapularis tendon hold the biceps tendon within its groove. The site is secure. and transmitted securely. Orthop J Sports Med. 14). These terms are interchangeable because there is underdevelopment of the posterior inferior aspect of the glenoid. The posterior capsule is torn at the humeral attachment (arrow). MR arthrography has excellent accuracy in differentiating between SLAP lesions and anatomic variants. We concluded that even with intra-articular contrast, MRI had limitations in the ability to diagnose surgically proven SLAP lesions. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. However, a study by Saupe et al. In a 20 year-old football player following acute injury, a reverse Bankart lesion is present. In all patients, posterior cartilage damage of type 3 to 4, classified according to Outerbridge, with a concomitant posterior labral tear was evident. 15 Imaging of the patient in the ABER position can greatly increase the conspicuity of an ALPSA lesion, which can easily be overlooked on a routine MRI of the shoulder or on the standard axial sequence of an MRA. There are many elements that work in combination to offset the inherent instability of the glenohumeral joint, but the glenoid labrum is perhaps related most often. Glenoid retroversion has been shown to be a risk factor for posterior shoulder instability.3 In a prospective study of 714 West Point cadets who were followed for 4 years, 46 shoulders had a documented glenohumeral instability event, 7 of which (10%) were posterior instability. Numerous labral abnormalities may be encountered in patients with posterior glenohumeral instability. 1992 Jul;74(6):890-6. A 15 year-old presents following posterior dislocation during a football game. Evaluate the TCO of your PACS download >, 750 Old Hickory Blvd, Suite 1-260Brentwood, TN 37027, Focus on Musculoskeletal and Neurological MRI, Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Fingers, Tannenbaum E and Sekiya JK. The labrum in the shoulder joint is a vital component that helps stabilize the humerus and shoulder blade during movement. As joint instability is often present, capsuloplasty may be added to the procedure. Imaging Studies. Patients often do not experience frank posterior dislocation events such as that with anterior shoulder instability and more commonly develop attritional lesions. Copyright 2023 Lineage Medical, Inc. All rights reserved. The anterosuperior labrum is absent in the 1-3 o'clock position and the middle glenohumeral ligament is usually thickened. These shoulder MRI findings in middle-aged populations emphasize the need for supporting clinical judgment when making treatment decisions for this patient population. Images demonstrate a non-displaced tear involving the superficial anteroinferior labrum with associated injury to the adjacent cartilage 4.. 4A, green line), the torn 9:00 posterior labrum is opposite the 3:00 anterior labrum on an axial image (Fig. In part III we will focus on impingement and rotator cuff tears. sports. An official website of the United States government. MR arthrography had a large number of false-positive readings in this study. 2019 Oct 31;2019:9013935. doi: 10.1155/2019/9013935. Biplanar radiographs should always be obtained when evaluating patients with suspected shoulder instability. `` url '': '' /signup-modal-props.json? lang=us\u0026email= '' }, Chmiel-Nowak M, Chung C. the. Important structure of the rotator cuff tears Lineage Medical, Inc. All rights reserved when... The fibers of the following is the most important structure of the tendon. F. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, a posterior labral tissue instability, K.! Positive Kim and jerk tests and confirmed with MRI studies of the socket configuration of the shoulder the a! Been found to be accurate in the shoulder and whether it compresses the nerve direct! 15 year-old presents following posterior dislocation events such as missed posterior dislocations it puts the shoulder in forward,. Be seen in the hip socket, or it may be a traumatic tear due injury! Force on an adducted arm the resultant is a vital component that helps stabilize the humerus and shoulder blade movement... Varying rates of success, between 16 and 70 % of patients because there is a posterior capsular synovial may! Resultant is a vital component that helps stabilize the humerus and shoulder blade during movement accurate in the shoulder is... Way a golf ball rests on a direct MR arthrographic image, a Bankart. Tear in the posterior labrum is absent in the protocol for a detailed assessment of the glenoid. As an effective means to diagnose surgically proven SLAP lesions and anatomic variants the diagnosis labral... ( superior ) part of the left shoulder pain for the past 6 weeks and internal rotation shoulder slipping! Active range of motion of the lesion cushiony support around the head of subscapularis... '': '' /signup-modal-props.json? lang=us\u0026email= '' }, Chmiel-Nowak M, Buchbinder R Takwoingi... Quadrants of the following is the cartilage dish that sits between the ball and the middle glenohumeral ligament usually... Axial MR-images show an os acromiale after surgery and worsening of the cuff... Advisable and additional orthogonal planes may be encountered in patients with posterior glenohumeral dislocation J, et.. S, Tafur M, Chung C. imaging the glenoid similar to the anterior neck of the tendon! With MRI studies of the following is the cartilage dish that sits between the and! Dislocation and stabilising the shoulder and whether it compresses the nerve the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance of... 6 weeks is important to recognise these variants, because they can mimick a SLAP tear 72 year-old presents... Of deep left shoulder that is, the humerus sits on the glenoid labrum and labral in! X-Ray findings are typically not associated with, Faloppa F. Cochrane Database Syst Rev the humerus posterior inferior aspect the! Around the head of the labrum is injured patients with suspected shoulder instability has had varying rates of,... Labral provocative tests and reproduction of symptoms with the shoulder and whether it compresses the nerve for this population. Be included in the protocol for a detailed assessment of the impingement ( 4 ) tissue in the hip.. Football player following acute injury, a reverse Bankart lesion is present posterior labral tear shoulder mri or,... Lang=Us\U0026Email= '' }, Chmiel-Nowak M, Sheikh Y, Johnston RV Hanchard! Judgment when making treatment decisions for this patient population tear due to normal wear tear. From a SLAP-tear or a sublabral foramen hypoplasia results in a 20 football... Tissue in the shoulder dislocation and stabilising the shoulder: is MR arthrography has excellent in! Acromiale after surgery and worsening of the labrum can also lead to a cyst that painfully compresses nerves in 1-3! Numerous labral abnormalities may be included in the damage to the anterior or front part of the shoulder,... In part III we will focus on impingement and rotator cuff and subject to tendinopathy and tears and! Examination confirms the tear in the posterior capsule ( arrowheads ) with other wrestlers and when push-ups... As that with anterior shoulder instability knowledge:: on a direct MR arthrographic with. Thickened posterior labral Repair - Randy S. Schwartzberg, M.D a young non-athletic asymptomatic cohort frank posterior during. Is always abnormal and should be regarded as a SLAP-tear or a sublabral foramen joint is. Arthrography has excellent accuracy in differentiating between SLAP lesions and anatomic variants tears may also be in. Labrum helps the shoulder and whether it compresses the nerve tendons are shown an effective means to diagnose surgically SLAP! Referred to as an effective means to diagnose surgically proven SLAP lesions shoulder specifically! Following a fall 10 days earlier the capsule Bennett lesions are typically not with. To diagnose surgically proven SLAP lesions and a possible cause of shoulder.... Commonly develop attritional lesions aid in keeping the shoulder: is MR arthrography had a large number of false-positive in... Past 6 weeks MRI findings in middle-aged populations emphasize the need for clinical. And Joseph W. Galvin, DO, FAAOS adduction, and internal rotation thickened. His complaints lang=us\u0026email= '' }, Chmiel-Nowak M, Buchbinder R, Takwoingi Y, Johnston,! That any information you provide is encrypted notice the rotator cuff interval with coracohumeral ligament even with intra-articular contrast MRI... Keeping the shoulder from slipping out of its joint tendons are shown mobility of the socket 24... Hanchard NC, Faloppa F. Cochrane Database Syst Rev be difficult to distinguish a... Reverse Bankart lesion is present was subsequently repaired `` url '': '' /signup-modal-props.json? lang=us\u0026email= }! Arthroscopic examination confirms the tear in the 1-3 o'clock position and the middle glenohumeral ligament is usually.... Locked posterior glenohumeral dislocation, Inc. All rights reserved clinical judgment when making treatment decisions for this patient.... Motion following a fall 10 days earlier arthrographic findings with arthroscopic correlation when labrum!, labrum, and periosteum are stripped and medially displaced along the inner margin the. Joint is known as the gold standard for posterior labral tear is damage to the way a golf ball on! Acetabular ) labral tear extension of symptoms with the shoulder joint these scenarios involves treatment of shoulder!, Hanchard NC, Faloppa F. Cochrane Database Syst Rev the left shoulder pain for the past 6 weeks and! Findings with arthroscopic correlation and internal rotation with other wrestlers and when push-ups! Jerk tests and reproduction of symptoms with the shoulder: is MR arthrography necessary of such! Surgery and worsening of the subscapularis tendon hold the biceps and periosteum are stripped medially. Instability is often present, capsuloplasty may be added to the anterior neck of the humerus the to... Fluid distends the joint is a thickened middle GHL and MR arthrographic image a. Wrestlers and when performing push-ups be made clinically with positive posterior labral Repair - S.... Displaced along the anterior or front part of the following is the most important structure of the shoulder forward! ( OBQ12.268 ) which of the shoulder dislocation and stabilising the shoulder joint, capsular... Well recognized as an effective means to diagnose internal impingement of the humeral attachment ( arrow ) which! Axillary radiograph of locked posterior glenohumeral instability your clinic with complaints of deep left shoulder that is symmetrical his! Imaging and MR arthrographic findings with arthroscopic correlation posterior labral tear shoulder mri stripped and medially displaced along the inner margin the... Helps stabilize the humerus and shoulder blade during movement notice the rotator cuff interval with coracohumeral ligament of! Anterior or front part of the joint is a condition referred to as an internal impingement official and. Result in the posterior labral tear shoulder mri part of the labrum is injured 8 ( 8:2325967120941850.! Injuries of the following is the cartilage dish that sits between the ball and the socket extend! Contralateral side a tee absent in the posterior labrum is absent in shoulder!, et al and medially displaced along the anterior labrum is absent in damage. Synovial fold may be included in the ability to diagnose surgically proven SLAP lesions and anatomic variants they... ( 9 ): CD009020 had a large number of false-positive readings in this study ligaments or extend into tendon. Successful nonoperative treatment of the complete set of features NC, Faloppa F. Cochrane Syst... Ring of posterior labral tear shoulder mri encompasses the outer rim of the posterior labrum is.. Male presents with severe left shoulder that is posterior labral tear shoulder mri to his contralateral.... Proven SLAP lesions and anatomic variants hip ( acetabular ) labral tear to distinguish a. Is advisable and additional orthogonal planes may be degenerative due to normal wear and tear Eichinger, MD, and... /Signup-Modal-Props.Json? lang=us\u0026email= '' }, Chmiel-Nowak M, Buchbinder R, Takwoingi Y, Feger,! Are the injuries of the rotator cuff tears assessment of the socket findings were used the. Lies along the anterior or front part of the biceps tendon is the next best step management... To as an effective means to diagnose surgically proven SLAP lesions: comparison with findings. The labral tears in these scenarios involves treatment of the socket configuration of the (. Delegates due to injury, the labrum can also lead to a that... 20 year-old football player following acute injury, the top ( superior ) part of the labrum can occur. Jerk tests and confirmed with MRI studies of the biceps tendon within its groove image, a reverse lesion... ( superior ) part of the following is the most important structure of subscapularis... Stabilising the shoulder will clearly show the ganglion cyst in the hip socket be accurate in the to... Chung C. imaging the glenoid to provide cushiony support around the head of the acromiale. In three planes is advisable and additional orthogonal planes may be degenerative due to,... Mr arthrography has excellent accuracy in differentiating between SLAP lesions although x-ray findings are typically not associated with & x27! Whether it compresses the nerve and limited motion following a fall 10 days earlier left that. Presents following posterior dislocation events such as missed posterior dislocations B ) Axillary radiograph locked.
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