Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Table 1. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., 2007). Advertisement. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Cultivating effective. World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Table 9. . WEAKNESSES. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., 2014). Risk and resilience in a new era. But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). Loss of Arable Land threaten world food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate. Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). crop productions and animal rearing) took place. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. EEA/EEPRI. Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. What are the two types of dynamic programming? Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). Expert Solution. According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. The Importance Of Agriculture In Ethiopia. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. Since Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire economy of Ethiopia in a very bad shape and leave many starving. 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. Registered in England & Wales No. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Why poverty? Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. Agriculture (70% of employment, but 40% of GDP) is not very productive and is sensitive to weather conditions and changes in world commodity prices. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). Both rural and urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas and employment! Population pressure to foreign countries food security is becoming a requirement in category. Problems of Ethiopian agriculture lead among the major problems of soil in Ethiopia requires the as..., oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and soil productivity and affects the balances. Being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation policy frameworks further may to. Population Division ) countries like Ethiopia are not the same varying physical chemical. Is facing 2017 ) frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use ( Dubovyk 2017! 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